World Congress On Oncology & Immuno Oncology

Oncology is a branch of medication which deals with treatment of tumors. A medically skilled individual who practices oncology is an oncologist. The responsibility of an oncologist is to diagnose, educate and treat patients affected with cancer. The two major areas under the discipline of medical specialty are diagnosis and therapy. Medical Oncologists are skillful in carrying out treatments which use therapy medication to kill cancer cells and condense the dimensions of tumors. Surgical Oncologists specialize on victimization surgery to eradicate cancerous tumors and infrequently a margin of healthy tissue encompassing the tumor. Radiation Oncologists are knowledgeable in treating cancer with radiotherapy, that kill cancer cells victimization numerous radiation machines. The opposite styles of oncologists embrace Gynaecological Oncologists, pediatric oncologists and hematologists. Gynaecological Oncologist specialization treating ladies with cancers like female internal reproductive organ or cervical cancer. Pediatric Oncologists young ones affected with cancer sometimes even below the age of eighteen. A hematologist medical specialist could also be a doctor who treats blood cancer like malignant neoplastic disease.

Clinical medical specialty enfolds the non-surgical side of medical specialty. 85^thof all clinical oncologists treat patients with a balance therapy and action therapy. Clinical oncologists are concerned with the treatment of all kinds of cancer. They work intently in massive multidisciplinary groups that specialize in the treatment of cancer poignant components of the body or systems. They treat patients and manage their cancer throughout the span of illness. This specialty offers the chance of developing clinical and scientific skills with nice potential for educational and clinical analysis. Technologies within the field of clinical oncology square measure up promptly. For instance, some tumors will be treated with extremely subtle exactitude external beam radiation, like nucleon beam therapy. Some patients will be cured, except for others the stress is on effective palliative care and up quality of life.

The molecular classification of Tumor is actually arrangement analysis disguised as classification. In a typical gene expression array study, the researcher will look at a cluster of tumors of a specific type. Cluster analysis of the gene expression array values will help discrete the tumors into groups with common expression patterns. Some of these groupings will prove to have a detailed biologic feature (e.g. increased tendency to metastasize, higher response to a chemotherapeutic agent, lengthened existence). Cancers are not just masses of malignant cells but complex ‘rogue’ organs, to which many other cells are recruited and can be degraded by the transformed cells. Interactions between malignant and non-transformed cells create the Tumor microenvironment (TME). Experts stress that these techniques have been tested in only small trials, and they don't always work. But the results have raised hope that immunotherapy may give doctors new options for treatment in the future.

Cancer is the name given to a collection of related diseases. Cancer can start almost anywhere in the human body, which is made up of trillions of cells. In all types of cancer, some of the body’s cells begin to divide without stopping and spread into surrounding tissues. When cancer develops, however, this orderly process breaks down. As cells become more and more abnormal, old or damaged cells survive when they should die, and new cells form when they are not needed. These extra cells can divide without stopping and may form growths called tumors. There are more than 100 types of cancer. Types of cancer are usually named for the organs or tissues where the cancers form. For example, lung cancer starts in cells of the lung, and brain cancer starts in cells of the brain. Cancers also may be described by the type of cell that formed them, such as an epithelial cell or a squamous cell. Many cancers has treatment but few has no therapy.

The goal of the Cancer Research Program is to make significant improvements in the prevention, early detection, diagnosis and treatment of cancer. It will continue to translate basic research findings into clinical applications together with strategic partners, with the National Centre for Tumor Diseases (NCT) and the nationally active German Consortium for Translational Cancer Research (DKTK) playing key roles. Most of us know about vaccines given to healthy people to help prevent infections, such as measles and chicken pox. These vaccines use weakened or killed germs like viruses or bacteria to start an immune response in the body. Getting the immune system ready to defend against these germs helps keep people from getting infections. Most cancer vaccines work the same way, but they make the person’s immune system attack cancer cells. Advancement in the research can have an efficient treatment.

Antibody marks the cancer cell and makes it easier for the immune system to find. The monoclonal antibody drug rituximab attaches to a specific protein (CD20) found only on B cells, one type of white blood cell. Certain types of lymphomas arise from these same B cells. Monoclonal antibodies can also function by attenuating hyperactive growth signals neo angiogenesis. A monoclonal antibody can be conjugated to a radioactive particle that will ensure directed delivery to the cancer cell and slow and long release of the radiation, hence maximizing chances of positive outcome and minimizing non-specific damaging exposure to radiation. Even tumor immune therapy also uses antibody to treat the particular cancer tissues

Targeted therapies act by blocking essential biochemical pathways or mutant proteins that are required for tumor cell growth and survival. These drugs can arrest tumor progression and induce striking regressions in molecularly defined subsets of patients. Indeed, the first small molecule targeted agent, the BCR-ABL kinase inhibitor, rapidly induced complete cytogenetic responses in 76% of chronic myelogenous leukemia patients. Further research into the underlying genetic pathways driving tumor proliferation uncovered additional Oncoproteins that are critical for tumor maintenance, such as the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), BRAF, KIT, HER (also known as ERBB) and anaplastic lymphoma kinase (ALK). Similar to imatinib, small molecule inhibitors of these kinases have effectuated impressive tumor responses in selected patients, although regressions are commonly followed by the development of progressive disease due to the emergence of drug-resistant variants. Resistance usually involves secondary mutations within the targeted protein or compensatory changes within the targeted pathway that bypass the drug-mediated inhibition. Accordingly, targeted therapies may elicit dramatic tumor regressions, but persistence is generally short-lived, limiting the overall clinical benefit.

Immunology-based therapy is rapidly developing into an effective treatment option for a surprising range of cancers. We have learned over the last decade that powerful immunologic effector cells may be blocked by inhibitory regulatory pathways controlled by specific molecules often called "immune checkpoints." The development of a new therapeutic class of drugs that inhibit these inhibitory pathways has recently emerged as a potent strategy in oncology. Three sets of agents have emerged in clinical trials exploiting this strategy. These agents are antibody-based therapies targeting cytotoxic T-lymphocyte antigen 4 (CTLA4), programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), and programmed cell death ligand 1 (PD-L1). These inhibitors of immune inhibition have demonstrated extensive activity as single agents and in combinations. Clinical responses have been seen in melanoma, renal cell carcinoma, small cell lung cancer, and several other tumor types.

Radiology represents a branch of medicine that deals with radiant energy in the diagnosis and treatment of disease. An imaging test is a way to let doctors see what’s going on inside your body. These tests send forms of energy (like x-rays, sound waves, radioactive particles, or magnetic fields) through your body. Your body tissues change the energy patterns to make an image or picture. These pictures show how your insides look and work so that health care providers can see changes that may be caused by diseases like cancer.

Prognosis of any disease means the estimate of the likely course and outcome of the disease. Prognosis of cancers usually means the estimate of success with treatment and chances of recovery.  Doctors estimate prognosis by using statistics that researchers have collected over many years about people with the same type of cancer. Several types of statistics may be used to estimate prognosis. Some common numbers that are used to determine prognosis include cancer specific survival, relative survival, overall survival, disease-free survival etc. Cancer is nearly always diagnosed by an expert who has looked at cell or tissue samples under a microscope. In some cases, tests done on the cells’ proteins, DNA, and RNA can help tell doctors if there’s cancer. These test results are very important when choosing the best treatment options. Lumps that could be cancer might be found by imaging tests or felt as lumps during a physical exam, but they still must be sampled and looked at under a microscope to find out what they really are. Not all lumps are cancer. In fact, most tumors are not cancer.

Stem-cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition. Bone marrow transplant is the most widely used stem-cell therapy; Stem-cell therapy has become controversial following developments such as the ability of scientists to isolate and culture embryonic stem cells, to create stem cells using somatic cell nuclear transfer and their use of techniques to create induced pluripotent stem cells. For over 30 years, bone marrow has been used to treat cancer patients with conditions such as leukemia and lymphoma; this is the only form of stem-cell therapy that is widely practiced. Stem cells are being studied for a number of reasons. The molecules and exosomes released from stem cells are also being studied in an effort to make medications

Stem-cell therapy is the use of stem cells to treat or prevent a disease or condition. Bone marrow transplant is the most widely used stem-cell therapy; Stem-cell therapy has become controversial following developments such as the ability of scientists to isolate and culture embryonic stem cells, to create stem cells using somatic cell nuclear transfer and their use of techniques to create induced pluripotent stem cells. For over 30 years, bone marrow has been used to treat cancer patients with conditions such as leukemia and lymphoma; this is the only form of stem-cell therapy that is widely practiced. Stem cells are being studied for a number of reasons. The molecules and exosomes released from stem cells are also being studied in an effort to make medications

Tumor markers are substances that are produced by cancer or by other cells of the body in response to cancer or certain benign (noncancerous) conditions. Most tumor markers are made by normal cells as well as by cancer cells; however, they are produced at much higher levels in cancerous conditions. These substances can be found in the blood, urine, stool, tumor tissue, or other tissues or bodily fluids of some patients with cancer. Most tumor markers are proteins. Thus far, more than 20 different tumor markers have been characterized and are in clinical use. Some are associated with only one type of cancer, whereas others are associated with two or more cancer types. There is no “universal” tumor marker that can detect any type of cancer. Among various approaches to specifically target drug-loaded carrier systems to required pathological sites in the body, two seem to be most advanced – passive (EPR effect-mediated) targeting, based on the longevity of the pharmaceutical carrier in the blood and its accumulation in pathological sites with compromised vasculature, and active targeting, based on the attachment of specific ligands to the surface of pharmaceutical carriers to recognize and bind pathological cells.

Cancer Pharmacology focuses on developing experimental approaches to the clinical treatment of cancer through research that bridges the fields of molecular carcinogenesis, biochemical pharmacology, radiation biology, and clinical pharmacology. Cancer chemotherapy and pharmacology involves the pharmacological and oncological aspects of drugs at both an experimental and clinical level. New anticancer drugs require screening in terms of not only their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamics profiles but also single and combined drug administration modalities as well as the different phases of clinical trials. Importantly preclinical toxicology as well as drug interactions and indications for chemotherapy in cancer treatment are also investigated.

In cancer research and medicine, biomarkers are used in three primary ways To help diagnose conditions, as in the case of identifying early stage cancers (Diagnostic) .To forecast how aggressive a condition is, as in the case of determining a patient's ability to fare in the absence of treatment (Prognostic) .To predict how well a patient will respond to treatment (Predictive)

Cancer genomics is the study of the totality of DNA sequence and gene expression differences between tumor cells and normal host cells. It aims to understand the genetic basis of tumor cell proliferation and the evolution of the cancer genome under mutation and selection by the body environment, the immune system and therapeutic interventions. Metabolomics research is being used to discover diagnostic cancer biomarkers in the clinic, to better understand its complex heterogeneous nature, to discover pathways involved in cancer that could be used for new targets and to monitor metabolic biomarkers during therapeutic intervention. These metabolomics approaches may also provide clues to personalized cancer treatments by providing useful information to the clinician about the cancer patient’s response to medical interventions. The ultimate goal of most metabolomics cancer studies is to discover cancer-specific diagnostic, prognostic or predictive biomarkers for a patient.

The immune system is the body’s natural defence system. It is a collection of organs, cells and special molecules that helps protect you from infections, cancer and other diseases. Immuno-oncology therapies activate our immune system, making it able to recognize cancer cells and destroy them. Breast cancer is one of the major cancer types for which new immune-based cancer treatments are currently in development. Lung cancer surgery carries risks, including bleeding and infection. Clinical trials are studies of experimental lung cancer treatments. Adult central nervous system tumor is a disease in which abnormal cells form in the tissues of the brain and/or spinal cord. A tumor that starts in another part of the body and spreads to the brain is called a metastatic brain tumor. There are different types of brain and spinal cord tumors such as Astrocytic Tumors, Oligodendroglial Tumors, Mixed Gliomas, Ependymal Tumors, Medulloblastomas, Pineal Parenchymal Tumors, Meningeal Tumors, Germ Cell Tumors, Craniopharyngiom. Advances in Immuno-oncology have given oncologists and their patients reason to be encouraged—the launch of immune checkpoint inhibitors and development of other immunotherapy assets for the treatment of several difficult-to-treat diseases, including metastatic melanoma and non-small cell lung cancer, represents great progress.

People infected with HIV have a substantially higher risk of some types of cancer compared with uninfected people of the same age. Three of these cancers are known as "acquired immunodeficiency syndrome (AIDS)-defining cancers" or "AIDS-defining malignancies": Kaposi sarcoma, non-Hodgkin lymphoma, and cervical cancer. A diagnosis of any one of these cancers marks the point at which HIV infection has progressed to AIDS. A compromised immune system can increase a person’s risk for cancer. It can also allow for cancer cells to spread faster than in someone without HIV. With the use of antiretroviral therapy (ART), the rates of AIDS-related cancers have dropped significantly. At the same time, people with HIV are at higher than average risk for several other cancers, including Hodgkin lymphoma and cancers of the anus, lung, liver, and skin, The number of cases of these other cancers is increasing in people with HIV.

Neuroimmunology is a field combining neuroscience, the study of the nervous system, and immunology, the study of the immune system. Neuroimmunologists seek to better understand the interactions of these two complex systems during development, homeostasis, and response to injuries. A long-term goal of this rapidly developing research area is to further develop our understanding of the pathology of certain neurological diseases, some of which have no clear etiology. In doing so, neuroimmunology contributes to development of new pharmacological treatments for several neurological conditions. Many types of interactions involve both the nervous and immune systems including the physiological functioning of the two systems in health and disease, malfunction of either and or both systems that leads to disorders, and the physical, chemical, and environmental stressors that affect the two systems on a daily basis. We know, both nervous system and imuune system playes  a major role in humans life. One as signal system and one as protective system.

Our immune system protects us from diseases, including cancer. Normally our immune system spots and destroys faulty cells but sometimes these cells can escape detection and develop into tumours. Immunotherapy is a relatively new form of treatment that re-awakens the immune system so it can fight cancer. Engaging the immune system in this way might have long-lasting benefits, if the immune system can ‘remember’ the cancer and stop it coming back.

Radiation medical specialty is to embrace all aspects of analysis which influences the treatment of cancer using radiation. The sphere of radiation medical specialty covers the admixture of action therapy into multimodal treatment approaches. External beam radiation is delivered outside the body. This includes leading high-energy radiation beams at the area being targeted among the body victimization varied radiation machines. Brachytherapy is radiation applied directly into the target. It is extremely effective as the radiation is focused on the target diseased site instead of healthy closed organs. Radio immune therapy (RIT) uses protein with specificity for a growth- associated substance tagged with a radionuclide to deliver cytotoxic radiation to a tumor cell. General action therapy uses radioactive medication to treat cancer consistently, within which the radioactive substance travels through the blood stream to achieve cells inside the body.